Kirthika NandhakumarConnecting Dots between the Kings in Exile: Bahadur Shah Zafar and Thibaw Min
At present, India and Burma have prosperous political and economic relations between them. Besides, they also share a history, the foundation of which was laid by the British Government in the late 19th century. The British never had any motive to form any favorable connection between these neighboring countries. In fact, to crush both the Burmese and the Mughal empire, they exiled their kings to foreign countries, which later connected bridges between Burma and India. How did this happen?
Let’s turn back the clock and explore the tale of the kings in exile- Bahadur Shah Zafar and Thibaw Min.
POLITICAL SITUATION
Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal Emperor of India. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire started declining. Apart from the Marathas, the growing power of the Britishers worsened the situation. Due to increasing sepoy mutiny against the British, Bahadur Shah Zafar was declared as the emperor of India under whose name all rebellions took place.
One of such rebellions that changed Bahadur Shah Zafar's destiny took place on 16th May during the famous revolt of 1857. On a dark night, the sepoys reached the Mughal court in Delhi and killed 52 European prisoners at the royal palace despite Zafar's protests. It is believed that it was a well-planned conspiracy to implicate the king into the rebellion. Well, if it is true, then the mutineers definitely succeeded. Zafar, who was more famous for his Urdu poetry rather than his administrative skills, could neither tackle the rebels efficiently nor protect his people.
Since all rebellions took place under his seal, Zafar was considered to be the chief accused and was captured by the British at the Humayun's tomb on September 20, 1857. As if snatching his empire was not enough, the Britishers shot Zafar's two sons and a grandson the very next day. After the trial, the old king was exiled to Rangoon in Burma, along with his beloved wife Zeenat Mahal and their two remaining sons. Rather than making comfortable arrangements for their travel befitting the former royals, they were sent off to Burma in bullock carts.
Almost 30 years later, history repeated itself but in Burma. Upper Burma, King Thibaw's kingdom was rich in oil, rubies, teak, and rubber. This attracted the East India Company and led them to start the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation. The prime motive of this organization was to utilize the resources in Burma for trade with India. Predicting the threat, Queen Suplayat, Thibaw's wife, in an attempt to crush the British power, joined hands with the French. This alarmed the Britishers, but they waited for a perfect chance to capture the territory.
Very soon, the Britishers got the opportunity they were waiting for when in 1885, the King charged penalties on Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation. In opposition, the British declared war on Upper Burma. Thus the third Anglo-Burmese war began and swept away all the regions that were under the control of the King. The Britishers were happy with the victory, but they were not satisfied with the capture. They wanted to suppress the fame of the King, so they decided to exile the emperor and queen to Ratnagiri in the far corner of India. Again the favored mode of transportation was bullock carts.
LIFE IN EXILE
After completing their long journey from Delhi, Bahadur Shah Zafar and his family boarded a ship named Magara to cross the Rangoon river and reach Burma. In Rangoon, they were provided with a shabby, wooden house opposite the grand monument, Shwedagon Pagoda. The location was also carefully selected to disgrace the emperor as much as possible. Often people visited the famous Shwedagon Pagoda, but Zafar remained unnoticed and unrecognized by everyone.
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the descendant of great Mughal kings like Akbar and Shah Jahan, who built magnificent monuments, was reduced to a nobody in a foreign country. All he had was a small house at a location where it was almost invisible to the passersby. The man who once had huge palaces, rooms with exquisite tapestries, and luxurious furniture, was now arrested in a tiny house with torn curtains, filthy walls, and an old shaded window.
For a king whose ancestors had ruled for over 300 years, it is quite natural for him to feel despair at such a dishonorable treatment meted out to the royal family. Cursing his fate, Zafar wrote many poems filled with grief and agony.
His poems convey the feeling of helplessness and loneliness during his last days. It was only his poetic works that gave him some respite. The king left many of his writings that still resonate in the minds of his people forever.
But for King Thibaw, the entire scenario was a bit different.
Initially, Thibaw, along with his family, was packed off to Madras (now Chennai), where the queen gave birth to their third daughter. Later, the royals were sent to the far coast of India in a desolate place in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. However, unlike Zafar, a grand palace- called the Thiba Palace- was built for the Burmese royals. Despite the comfortable accommodation, the royals led a difficult life. The king received pensions periodically but they were not sufficient to meet the family's expenses. So, he often sold his only possessions, some Burmese rubies, to handle the financial needs of the family.
